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Research Papers

Published research papers and academic publications exploring the Unified Chronology framework, ancient Near Eastern history, and biblical chronological systems.

A 57-Year Chronological Correction to Ancient Near Eastern History: Predictive Verification of the Unified Chronology via Ptolemy's Anchor Eclipses

Author: Paul Tretter
Published: December 2, 2025
Type: Data Paper
Open Access

This paper presents a comprehensive, multi-layered analysis demonstrating a fundamental ~57-year correction to the conventional chronology of the Ancient Near East. The analysis establishes a new chronological anchor of 530 BC for the destruction of the First Temple, generates falsifiable predictions about Ptolemy's lunar eclipses, and presents statistical validation showing the joint probability of all observed alignments occurring by chance is approximately 1 in 200,000.

The Unified Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Mathematical Evidence from Jubilee Cycles, Priestly Courses, and Egyptian Archaeology

Author: Paul Tretter
Published: August 9, 2025
Type: Data Paper
Open Access

This study presents a comprehensive chronological framework for the ancient Near East that achieves unprecedented alignment between biblical, Egyptian, and Babylonian historical records. Through mathematical analysis of the 24 priestly courses (mishmarot) and Jubilee cycles, the research demonstrates that Nebuchadnezzar II's reign should be dated to 548-505 BC, placing the First Temple's destruction in 530 BC. The probability of these independent systems aligning by chance is calculated to be less than 10-20.